Creencias limitantes a la hora de la cesación tabáquica / Limiting beliefs when quitting smoking

Objetivo: Evaluar las creencias de los fumadores yexfumadores sobre la preocupación por contagiarse deCOVID-19, las ganas de dejar de fumar y percepciónde éxito de los tratamientos efectivos en pandemia. Pacientes y métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario, voluntario y auto-administrado, sobre las conductas encuarentena COVID-19 a mayores de 18 años, mediantedifusión por redes sociales durante abril y mayo del2020. De 1.948 encuestas, se analizaron 1.071 entreexfumadores (n= 565) y fumadores actuales (n= 506). Se consideraron las siguientes variables: comorbilidades, preocupación por ser tabaquista en época deCOVID-19, tipo de cigarrillo consumido, ganas dedejar de fumar, tratamientos elegidos para la cesacióny la decisión de dejar de fumar. Resultados: El grado de preocupación se asocia con lasganas de dejar de fumar (p <0,001). La declaración de“me preocupa bastante” se correlaciona con las ganasde dejar de fumar (p <0,001), y “no me preocupa” conla ausencia de ganas (p <0,001). La opción para dejar de fumar que presenta el mayor acuerdo generalizadoentre los fumadores con ganas de dejar de fumar ypreocupados por su condición de fumador en pandemiaes la creencia de que “La decisión de querer dejar defumar es fundamental” es “Muy efectiva”, con un 79 %de los encuestados eligiendo esta opción. Conclusión: La preocupación por contagiarse deCOVID-19 incrementa las ganas de dejar de fumar.La mayoría de los fumadores y exfumadores creen quepara dejar de fumar es suficiente con su decisión y sinprecisar tratamiento.(AU)

Objective: Evaluate the beliefs of the smokers andex-smokers on the concern about catching COVID-19,desires to stop smoking and perception of success ofthe effective treatments in the pandemic. Patients and methods: A voluntary and self-administered questionnaire was applied to those over 18years of age on the behaviors during the COVID-19quarantine, by means of dissemination through thesocial networks during April and May of 2020. Of the1,948 surveys, 1,071 were analyzed among ex-smokers(n= 565) and current smokers (n= 506). The followingvariables were considered: comorbidities, concern aboutbeing a smoker during the times of COVID-19, type of cigarette used, desire to quit smoking, treatments chosen to quit smoking and the decision to sop smoking. Results: The degree of concern is associated with thedesire to quit smoking (p <0.001). The statement that“I am quite concerned” correlates with the desire toquit smoking (p <0.001), and that of “I am not concerned” with that of no desire (p <0.001). The optionto quit smoking that showed the greatest generalizedagreement among the smokers who desired to quitsmoking and concerned about their condition of being a smoker in the pandemic is the belief that “Thedecision to want to quit smoking is fundamental” is“Very effective,” with 79 % of those surveyed choosingthis option. Conclusion: Concern about catching COVID-19increases the desire to quit smoking. Most of thesmokers and ex-smokers believe that their decisionto stop smoking is sufficient and that treatment isnot necessary.(AU)

Posición subjetiva ante la conducta de fumar / Subjective position regarding smoking behavior

El tabaquismo es una enfermedad adictiva sostenida por una triple dependencia: química, psicológica y social. La práctica clínica de la cesación tabáquica (CT) sugiere que todo fumador tiene una posición subjetiva sobre el acto de fumar, un conjunto de ideas que influye sobre la conducta de fumar en sí. Identificar esa posición permitiría realizar intervenciones adaptadas y personales que hagan más efectivo el proceso de dejar de fumar. Objetivos. El estudio introduce y analiza tres conceptos como teoría sobre la conducta de fumar: posición de orgullo auténtico (POA), posición de orgullo hubrístico (POH) y posición nostálgica (PN), los cuales son base del instrumento de evaluación elaborado para esta investigación. El estudio es el primer paso hacia la validación de un instrumento de 45 ítems que permita identificar las tres posiciones subjetivas. Metodología. Participaron 863 residentes en Argentina en población general por encuesta digital. Se aplicaron pruebas paramétricas para el análisis de datos con el programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 16.0), estableciendo el grado de significación estadística en p<0,05. La encuesta incluyó tres secciones. La primera recoge datos sociodemográficos, la segunda realiza un cribado de las categorías sobre el acto de fumar establecidas por la OMS y la tercera la conforma el instrumento de evaluación elaborado ad hoc para los objetivos del estudio. Resultados. Se encontró que la POA representa una fortaleza en el proceso de la CT, incrementa las posibilidades de éxito potenciando la capacidad de mantenerse sin fumar a largo plazo (p=0,000) y aumenando la disposición de dejar de fumar (p=0,000). La posiciones de orgullo hubrístico (POH) y nostálgica (PN) actúan dificultando el proceso de dejar de fumar (p=0,002/p=0,000; respectivamente) y facilitan la recaída (p=0,000/p=0,000; respectivamente) (AU)

Smoking is an addictive illness sustained by a triple factor: chemical, psychological and social. Clinical practice of Smoking Cessation programs (SC) suggests that every smoker has a subjective position on smoking, a set of ideas that is related to the act of smoking. Identifying that position would facilitate creating personalized and more effective interventions for quitting smoking. Objectives. The study introduces and analyzes three concepts as a theory about the behavior of smoking: position of authentic pride (POA), position of hubristic pride (POH) and nostalgic position (PN). To this purpose, a 45-item instrument has been developed to evaluate the three constructs and analyze the hypothesis proposed by the theory. The study is the first step towards the validation of an assessment instrument that allows identifying the three subjective positions. Methodology. 863 argentine residents gathered from general population participated through digital survey. Parametric tests were applied for data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v16.0). The degree of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The survey included three sections. The first collects demographic data. The second carries out a screening of categories regarding the act of smoking established by the WHO. The third section composes the assessment instrument, made ad hoc for the objectives of the study. Results. We found the POA represents a strength in the SC process, increases the chances of success in quitting by augmenting the power to abstain form smoking in the long-term (p=0.000) and increasing the willingness to quit (p=0.000). On the contrary, the positions of hubristic pride (POH) and nostalgic pride (PN) were found to hamper the process of quitting (POH: p=0.002 / PN: p=0.000), and facilitate relapse (POH: p=0.000 / PN: p=0.000) (AU)

Development of Nematodirus spathiger (Nematoda, Molineoidea) in the rabbit and comparison with other Nematodirus spp parasites of ruminants.

The morphogenesis and chronology of the life cycle of Nematodirus spathiger (Railliet, 1896), a parasite of ruminants, were studied in detail in an experimental host. Twenty-four worm-free rabbits were each infected per os with N. spathiger larvae and were killed at 12 h after infection (12 HAI) and every day from 1 DAI to 23 DAI. By 12 HAI, all the larvae were exsheathed and present in the small intestine. The third moult occurred between 4 DAI and 5 DAI. The last moult occurred between 13 DAI and 16 DAI. The prepatent period lasted 21-24 days. The distribution of N. spathiger along the small intestine of the rabbit was assessed. The chronology of the life cycles was compared for various Nematodirus spp from ruminants in their natural hosts and in the rabbit (N. battus, N. spathiger).

Development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus vitrinus, parasites of ruminants in the rabbit and comparison with Trichostrongylus retortaeformis.

The parasitic phase of development of both Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus vitrinus, parasites of ruminants, was studied in detail in the rabbit. In T. colubriformis, the third moult appeared by 4 days after infection (DAI) and the last moult occurred between 10 and 11 DAI. In T. vitrinus, the third moult occurred between 8 and 11 DAI and the last one between 12 and 15 DAI. The prepatent period lasted 16-17 days for T. colubriformis and 20 days for T. vitrinus. The chronology of the life cycles and the distribution of the parasites along the small intestine for various Trichostrongylus spp. from lagomorphs and ruminants in the natural host or in the experimental host were compared. All of these biological parameters indicated a lower level of adaptation of T. vitrinus compared to the other species of Trichostrongylus. The results are fully compatible with the evolutionary scheme based on morphological analyses.

The life cycle of Ohbayashinema erbaevae (Nematoda, Heligmosomoidea, Heligmosomidae) in Ochotona rufescens rufescens (Ochotonidae).

The morphogenesis and the chronology of the life cycle of Ohbayashinema erbaevoe Durette-Desset et al, 2000, a parasite of Ochotona daurica from Buriatia were studied in detail in an experimental host, Ochotona rufescens rufescens. Worm-free pikas were each infected per os with O. erbaevae larvae and were killed at one day post infection (DPI 1) and every 12 hours from 1.5 to 8 days post infection. By DPI 1, all the larvae were exsheathed and in the small intestine. The third moult occurred in 2.5-3.0 days. The last moult occurred in 4.0-4.5 days. The prepatent period was eight days and the patent period lasted between two and 12 weeks. The distribution of O. erbaevae along the small intestine of the pikas was assessed. For each experiment, a morphological description of the different stages of the life cycle was provided. The morphogenesis and the chronology of the life cycle of O. erbaevae appear to be identical with those of two other genera of the family of the Heligmosomidae, Heligmosomum Railliet & Henry, 1909 and Heligmosomoides Hall, 1916. They confirm that the three genera belong to the same family. The presence of an abortive posterior genital branch in the female of O. erbaevae, which represents the posterior part of the genital primordium of the didelphic females, supports the systematic position of the genus Ohbayashinema between the didelphic genus Citellinema Hall, 1916 and the monodelphic genera Heligmosomum and Heligmosomoides.

Morphogenesis and distribution of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in the intestine of the rabbit.

The morphogenesis and the distribution along the digestive tract of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis(Zeder, 1800) (Nematoda) were studied in detail in one of its natural hosts, Oryctolagus cuniculus. Worm-free rabbits were each infected with T. retortaeformis larvae and were killed at 12 h post-infection (HPI) and on each day from 1 to 15 days post-infection (DPI). The distribution of worm populations along the small intestine was assessed. At the different dates of infection, more than 80% of the population was recovered from the first third of the intestine with more than 50% occurring in the first 30 cm. For each date, morphological descriptions of the different stages of the life cycle were also provided. In addition, adult worms collected from naturally infected rabbits from France were redescribed.

[Biological cycle of Paralibyostrongylus hebrenicutus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)]. / Cycle biologique de Paralibyostrongylus hebrenicutus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae).

Paralibyostrongylus hebrenicutus accomplishes its life cycle spontaneously in captive Atherurus africanus, its natural host, and in experimentally infected guinea pigs and rabbits. Morphogenesis and larval morphology were studied in the guinea pig and described herein. Host infection were achieved either by subcutaneous or by oral inoculation. The entsheathed infective larvae moult soon after penetration in the vertebrate host. Following subcutaneous inoculation, they reach the lungs very probably through the lymphatic vessels and the right heart at H8, and the stomach as soon as D2. However, a possible direct migration by the mesenteric lymphatic vessels and crossing of the digestive wall cannot be excluded as a few larvae were found in the peristomachal mesentery. Following ingestion, L3 larvae reached the stomach directly. 24 hours post-ingestion, they were localized deep inside the gastric mucosa crypts lumen. The same larval localization was observed at D3 after a subcutaneous inoculation. At D5, regardless of the inoculation route, larvae reached their definitive position, embedded in the gastric mucosa mucus lining, where they underwent the 3rd moulting (L3-L4) followed by the 4th moulting (L4-Ad) at D19. Eggs appeared at D28. Except for the inflammatory granuloma seen in the lungs and the mesentery from H24 to D3, the nematode induced no tissue lesion. The genus Paralibyostrongylus is one of the most primitive in the Libyostrongylinae-Cooperiinae line. The double transmission route, may have made possible the transition from primitive cycles by cutaneous penetration to more specialized cycles by the oral route, the latter being responsible for the evolutionary success of the group in large herbivores.

[2 trichostrongyloid nematode parasites in an African murid. IV. Migration in the vertebrate]. / Sur deux nématodes trichostrongyloides parasites d'un muridé Africain. IV. Migrations chez le vertébré.

For the species both oral and skin penetrations are possible. The ingested infective larvae pass through the excretory pore of a stomachal gland, leave the bottom of the gland through a blood capillary at H8, cross the liver (portal vein, sinusoids, sus-hepatic vein), the right heart and reach the lung around H12; they dwell in the pulmonary alveoli from H12 to D3, in the bronchi from D3 to D4, ascend the trachea, are swallowed by the host and reach the intestine on D4 and 5.

[The filaria Cercopithifilaria roussilhoni in the tick vector]. / La filaire Cercopithifilaria roussilhoni chez la tique vectrice.

Histological and ultrastructural analysis of the development of C. roussilhoni--a filarial parasite of A. africanus with skin-dwelling microfilariae--in the hexapod, larva of R. sanguineus. The development takes place in the epidermis. The intra-epidermal development, which is rare in the Spirurida, is known in a close filaria, also transmitted by Ixodids, Monanema martini. The slow development of C. roussilhoni and the pronounced changes of the parasitized epidermal syncytium (very large nuclei; expanding nuclear envelop and cellular membrane which form complicated expansions; many dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum) demonstrate the more primitive state of this filaria.

[Cercarial chaetotaxy of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) and E. echinatum (Zeder, 1803) (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae)]. / Chétotaxie cercarienne d'Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) et E. echinatum (Zeder, 1803) (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae).

The life-cycles of Echinostoma revolutum and E. echinatum were carried out by using cercariae emitted by naturally infected Molluscs. E. revolutum strain was issued from Lymnaea auricularia, E. echinatum from Lymnaea truncatula and Planorbis planorbis, Planorbarius corneus produced an Echinostome which may possibly be E. echinatum or another species E. sp. Metacercarial stages and adults were obtained from laboratory experimental hosts. None of these adult Echinostomes displayed well-defined morphological differences: nevertheless their respective larval stages exhibited discrepancies used for species diagnosis. Cercarial chaetotaxy is given for every batch and compared with that of other species described as E. audyi, E. lindoense and E. caproni; discriminating features are discussed.

[Two trichostrongyloid nematodes parasitic in an African murid. III. Physiologic duality of infective larvae; as correlated with seasonal rhythms]. / Sur deux Nématodes trichostrongyloides parasites d'un Muridé africain. III. Dualité physiologique des larves infestantes, liée aux rythmes saisonniers.

The third stage (the infective stage) of both species, Neoheligmonella dossoi and N. tranieri, appears simultaneously in the coprocultures in two different forms: sheathed larvae and exsheathed larvae. The exsheathed larvae show a much higher infection rate than the sheathed ones, but the last ones could exsheathed under some conditions. These larvae are called: "larvae exsheathed by aging". The percentage of exsheathed larvae is higher from April to October, this period corresponding to the rainy season on the Ivory Coast. Considering the host biological characteristics (sedentary, isolated, humid burrows) and the fact that the infection lasts 2 to 4 months, the transmission of the two Trichostrongylid species seems particularly well adapted to local conditions. Transmission appears to follow two infestation strategies, depending on the season: --A "rainy season strategy" characterized by an important initial production of larvae of which a great number are exsheathed larvae, with strong infective potential. --A "dry season strategy" characterized by sheathed larvae, produced more regularly, having a weaker infective potential, and able to exsheathe progressively.

[2 trichostrongyloid nematodes parasites of an African murid. II. Chronology of cycles and description of larval and immature stages]. / Sur deux nématodes trichostrongyloïdes parasites d'un muridé Africain. II--Chronologie des cycles, description des stades larvaires et des immatures.

Larval and immature forms in Neoheligmonella dossoi and N. tranieri (Nippostrongylinae) coparasites of Uranomys ruddi from Africa are described. The free larval stages of both species cannot be distinguished one from the other. L1, L2 and L3 are identified by their size and by shape and tail length. In the parasitic larval stages the males are distinguished from females as from the second day after infestation: the female genital primordium is displaced to the caudal extremity in a very significant way. The L4 can be separated from L3 by the presence of a cephalic vesicle and a synlophe; the immature specimens from L4 due to the presence of a new cephalic vesicle and the synlophe of adult. A specific name can be given to those larvae from day 3 after the infestation: plotting the length of the genital primordium in relation to total body length shows two distinct clouds representing a large and a small species. Similar clouds were obtained for day 4 to 7 post-infection. By day 6, the immature forms of the small species can be identified by the synlophe as dossoi and those of the large species as tranieri. The larval development of N. dossoi is slower than that of N. tranieri.

[Superficial argentophilic structures in the miracidium and cercaria of Paramphistomum microbothrioides Price and Mac Intosh, 1944 (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae)]. / Structures argyrophiles superficielles du miracidium et de la cercaire de Paramphistomum microbothrioides Price et Mac Intosh, 1944 (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae).

Superficial argentophilic structures of the miracidium are identical to those observed in the other species of the genus. On the other hand, on the terebratorium, they are different from those of the miracidium of Calicophoron calicophorum. Cercarial papillae are rarely symmetrical and their number varies according to specimens. However differences between the species are obvious. If Paramphistomum microbothrioides, P. microbothrium and P. daubneyi are related by acetabular papillae, the number of lateral papillae and the caudal chaetotaxy allow to distinguish these three species.

[Two trichostrongyloid nematodes in an African murid. 1. Description of the adults]. / Sur deux nématodes trichostrongyloides parasites d'un Muridé africain. I--Description des adultes.

Two new trichostrongyloids are described Neoheligmonella dossoi n. sp. and N. tranieri n. sp. concomitant parasites in the intestine of Uranomys ruddi (Rodentia-Muridae) from the Ivory Coast. N. dossoi differs from N. pseudospira and N. houini parasites of Arvicanthis abyssinicus in Ethiopia, by the length of the vestibule (longer than two thirds of the length of the infundibulum). N. tranieri is closely related to N. dossoi but can be differentiated by its longer uncoiled body and a characteristic synlophe.

[Edesonfilaria cynocephali n. sp., a filarial parasite of Dermoptera in Malaysia]. / Edesonfilaria cynocephali n. sp., filaire parasite de Dermoptère en Malaisie.

Edesonfilaria cynocephali n. sp., a parasite of Cynocephalus variegatus taylori (Thomas) in Malaysia, is described. Makifilaria Krishnasamy et coll., 1981 is placed in synonymy with Edesonfilaria and the new combination E. inderi (Krishnasamy et coll., 1981) n. comb. is proposed. Edesonfilaria and the closely related genus Macacanema constitute a small evolutionary line of Filariae with a hyperspecialized oesophagus (the glandular portion lacks lumen); the line is restricted to the Indo-Malaysian region and occurs in arboreal Dermopterans, Chiropterans and Primates.

[Traumatic insemination and tubular egg receptacle in the pinworm parasite of the common domestic rabbit]. / Insémination traumatique et tube de ponte chez l'oxyure parasite du lapin domestique.

A morphological study of subgravid females of Passalurus ambiguus, pinworm of the domestical Rabbit, revealed two remarkable structures: - a tubular egg receptable formed from tissue of the ventral hypodermal cord in the vulvar region in which the total egg production of the female accumulates; - a hypodermal pocket beneath the cuticle in the vulvar region which is used during traumatic insemination, a phenomenon until now unknown in the Nemathelminthes. These structures might be explained as adaptations to the short lifespan of Oxyurid males. Thus, the clustering of eggs in the environment would increase the intensity of infection and therefore the chances of males finding mates. Similarly, the insemination of females before the vulva is formed might be favoured.

[The "cercarial index" of Schistosoma mansoni. Epidemiological and experimental results (author's transl)]. / L' "indice cercarien" de Schistosoma mansoni. Données expérimentales et épidémiologiques.

The cercarial index defined by Bayssade-Dufour (1977) differs according to the hosts in which Schistosoma mansoni is cycled. This index is close to 1 in African human strains, 1.3 in Carribbean human strains, and 1.6 in strains kept for a number of years in rodents. The first epidemiological and experimental results supported the argument that the transmission of intestinal bilharzia in the mountainous refuge of infection at Grand-Etang, Guadeloup, is maintained exclusively by murine rodents. New epidemiological and experimental data lead us to believe that the black rat of Guadeloup is an inadequate host for S. mansoni, incapable of maintaining the parasite beyond a few cycles.

[Argyrophilic integumentary structures of the miracidium, redia and cercaria of Paramphistmun daubneyi Dinnik, 1962 (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae)]. / Structures argyvophiles tégumentaires du miracidium, de la rédie et la cercaire de Paramphistomum daubneyi Dinnik, 1962 (Trematoda, Paramphistomidae).

Paramphistomum microbothrium and P daubneyi are two sibling-species. The value of morphological criteria which have been used to distinguish the adults is not accepted by all authors. On the contrary, criteria based upon larval stages, except miracidia, permit an easy diagnosis. P. microbothrium parasitizes Bulinids, the rediae have a long intestine, germ-balls are inequal in size, cercariae are long-tailed and possess numerous lateral somatic bristles: about 9 by a half-body and numerous caudal bristles: about 17 pairs. P. daubneyi parasitizes Lymneids, the rediae have a short intestine, germ-balls are of equal size, cercariae are short-tailed and posses few lateral somatic bristles (about 4 by a half-body) and relatively few caudal bristles: about 6 pairs. In addition to the cercaviae, argentophilic structures of miracidia and rediae of P. daubneyi are described.

[Integumentary argentophilic structures in larval stages (miracidium, redia, cercaria) of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Fasciolidae). Comparison with F. gigantica (author's transl)]. / Les structures argyrophiles tégumentaires des stades larvaires (miracidium, rédie, cercaire) de Fasciola hepatica. Comparaison avec F. gigantica.

Integumentary argentophilic structures of the miracidium and cercaria are described and with those of F. gigantica compared. In the miracidia, the pattern of the organites of the terebratorium and the arrangement of the papillae between the first and second tier of epidermal plates are similar for the two species. However, the disposition of the medio-ventral plate of the second tier allows the miracidia of the two related species to be distinguished statistically. In the cercariae, the chaetotaxy differs between F. hepatica and F. gigantica in two cephalic regions and on the tail (presence of UD papillae in F. hepatica, absence in F. gigantica). The chaetotaxy of a daughter-redia of F. hepatica is also described. There is an important concentration of papillae around the buccal aperture, whereas at the pharyngeal and post pharyngeal levels, papillae are more spaced on the side supposed to be ventral, and scarce on the side considered dorsal.

[Chaetotaxic variations of the cercaria Schistosoma mansoni from a human strain during successive transmissions through mice (author's transl)]. / Variations chétotaxiques des cercaires d'une souch humaine de Schistosoma mansoni par passages successifs sur souris.

The "cercarian chaetotaxic index" from the human strain of Schistosoma mansoni from West Africa is conspicuously modified during the third transmission Biomphalaria pfeifferi-white mouse only. This might be the explanation why Planorbs collected in Guadeloupe discharge slightly different cercariae whether they come from stations where the infestation is predominantly from human origin or from stations where the infestation is predominantly from murine origin. On the contrary, the "Grand Etang" station is significatively different from all the others and seems to be exclusively murine transmitted.